The plague is a particularly nasty disease caused by a zoonotic bacterium called Y. pestis. You’ve probably heard it called the Black Plague or the Black Death but that refers only to the Bubonic form, which caused millions of deaths in Europe starting in 1347.
In total there are three versions: Bubonic, Septicemic, and Pneumonic. The severity of the disease is unquestioned. While survivable with today’s medicine, one of the hallmarks of plague is the development of gangrene in the extremities, which can leave people scarred and disabled for life. Also, plague may be more prevalent in developing countries without access to first world medicines, so a vaccine could go a long way to improving survivability in these areas. But it’s the Pneumonic form that’s especially frightening. It is almost always fatal. If this highly virulent and deadly version of the Y. pestis bacterium is breathed in, by the time symptoms are recognized, it is usually too late to treat.
In the United States, a common belief is that the plague is a foreign disease or that it has been eradicated. Neither is the case. There has been at least one reported case of the plague in the U.S. every year since 2000. The highest number was 17, reached in 2006. Tragically, four people died from the plague in 2015.
The plague does not discriminate by any measure. It infects people of any age from infants to the elderly; male, female, non-binary; and every race and socioeconomic class. Most cases occur in those 12-45 years old. The most at-risk include veterinary professionals, outdoor enthusiasts, and hunters. If there is good news, it’s that it currently only affects half the country. Except for an isolated, lab-associated case in Illinois, cases in the U.S. are clustered in western regions, particularly the rural southwest.
So how does the plague spread? Typically, it’s the mighty flea to blame. Vermin like chipmunks, mice and squirrels are common carriers of the plague. When a flea feeds on an infected host, it becomes a carrier and can interact with people directly or through a pet like a cat or dog.
Another way to contract plague is by handling the infected skins, flesh or fluids of infected animals. Obviously, veterinarians and hunters should be especially careful when handling animals.
Breathing in infected droplets is the least common form of transmission. This occurs when someone who has plague pneumonia coughs droplets into the air that are subsequently breathed in by another person. Infected cats also transmit the disease this way.
Telehealth visits are available.
Another way to contract plague is by handling the infected skins, flesh or fluids of infected animals.
Obviously, veterinarians and hunters should be especially careful when handling animals.